The house is made up of thatched hut, earthen house and brick house. It has developed to the present reinforced concrete buildings.

　　我們先不探究房子的發(fā)展史，先來(lái)看一下鋼筋混凝土的由來(lái)。

　　Let's not go into the history of the house, but first look at the origin of reinforced concrete.

　　鋼筋混凝土的發(fā)展史

　　Development History of Reinforced Concrete

　　1868年一個(gè)法國(guó)園丁莫尼埃， 獲得了包括鋼筋混凝土花盆，以及緊隨其后應(yīng)用于公路護(hù)欄的鋼筋混凝土梁柱的

　　In 1868, a French gardener, Monier, obtained patents for reinforced concrete flowerpots and subsequently reinforced concrete beams and columns used in highway guardrails.

　　1872年，世界座鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑在美國(guó)紐約落成，人類建筑史上一個(gè)嶄新的紀(jì)元從此開始

　　In 1872, the world's first reinforced concrete structure was built in New York, USA, and a new era in the history of human architecture began.

　　1900年之后鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)在工程界方得到了大規(guī)模的使用

　　Since 1900, reinforced concrete structures have been widely used in engineering circles.

　　1928年，一種新型鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)形式預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土出現(xiàn)，并于二次世界大戰(zhàn)后亦被廣泛地應(yīng)用于工程實(shí)踐

　　In 1928, a new type of reinforced concrete structure, prestressing reinforced concrete, appeared and was widely used in engineering practice after World War II.

　　故事：一位法國(guó)名叫的園藝師。莫尼埃有個(gè)很大的花園，一年四季開著美麗的鮮花，但是花壇經(jīng)常被游客踏碎。為此，莫尼埃常想：“有什么辦法可使人們既能踏上花壇，又不容易踩碎呢？”有，莫尼埃移栽花時(shí)，不小心打碎了一盆花，花盆摔成了碎片，花根四周的土卻僅僅包成一團(tuán)。“噢！花木的根系縱橫交錯(cuò)，把松軟的泥土牢牢地連在了一起！”他從這件事上得到啟發(fā)，將鐵絲仿照花木根系編成網(wǎng)狀，然后和水泥、砂石一起攪拌，做成花壇，果然十分牢固。

　　Story: A French horticulturist by name. Monier has a big garden with beautiful flowers all year round, but flower beds are often broken by tourists. For this reason, Monier often thought, "What can we do to make people not only step on the flower bed, but also crush it easily?" One day, when Monier was transplanting flowers, he accidentally broke a pot of flowers. The pot broke into pieces, but the soil around the roots was just a bunch. "Oh! The roots of the flowers and trees are crisscrossed, and the soft soil is firmly linked together! Inspired by this, he weaved the wire into a net like the roots of flowers and trees, and then stirred it with cement and sand to make a flower bed, which was very solid indeed.

　　鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用在建筑工程中。1849年，法國(guó)人J.L.朗姆波和1867年法國(guó)人J.莫尼埃先后在鐵絲網(wǎng)兩面涂抹水泥砂漿制作小船和花盆。1884年德國(guó)建筑公司購(gòu)買了莫尼埃的，進(jìn)行了批鋼筋混凝土的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究了鋼筋混凝土的強(qiáng)度、耐火性能，鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力。1886年德國(guó)工程師M.克嫩提出鋼筋混凝土板的計(jì)算方法。與此同時(shí)，英國(guó)人W.D.威爾金森提出了鋼筋混凝土樓板;美國(guó)人T.海厄特對(duì)混凝土梁進(jìn)行試驗(yàn);法國(guó)人F.克瓦涅出版了一本應(yīng)用鋼筋混凝土的專著。

　　Reinforced concrete structures are used in construction projects. In 1849, French J. L. Lambo and French J. Monier in 1867 successively applied cement mortar on both sides of the wire mesh to make boats and flower pots. In 1884, the German Construction Company purchased Monier's patents and carried out the first batch of scientific experiments on reinforced concrete. The strength, fire resistance and bond strength between reinforced concrete and concrete were studied. In 1886, German Engineer M. Kernen put forward the calculation method of reinforced concrete slabs. Meanwhile, British W.D. Wilkinson proposed a patent for reinforced concrete floor slabs; American T. Hayte tested concrete beams; French F. Kwane published a monograph on the application of reinforced concrete.

　　在鋼筋混凝土出現(xiàn)的早期，大多采用以彈性理論為基礎(chǔ)的容許應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)法。在本世紀(jì)30年代后期，蘇聯(lián)開始采用考慮鋼筋混凝土破壞階段塑性的破壞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)法;1950年，更進(jìn)一步完善為極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)法，它綜合了前面兩種設(shè)計(jì)方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，既驗(yàn)算使用階段的容許應(yīng)力、容許裂縫寬度和撓度，也驗(yàn)算破壞階段的承載能力，概念比較明確，考慮比較，已為許多和國(guó)際組織的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范所采用。

　　In the early stage of the emergence of reinforced concrete, the allowable stress design method based on the elastic theory was mostly adopted. In the late 1930s, the Soviet Union began to adopt the failure strength design method considering the plasticity of reinforced concrete failure stage; in 1950, it was further improved to the limit state design method, which combines the advantages of the former two design methods. It not only checks the allowable stress, allowable crack width and deflection in the use stage, but also checks the bearing capacity in the failure stage. It has been adopted by many countries and international organizations.